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About half the cost of LED-od is determined by these stages of high technology. The need to increase capacity to increase the flux led to the fact that the traditional form of the hull led ceases to meet producers due to lack of heat. It was necessary to bring your chip to the heat conducting surface. In this connection, to replace the traditional technology, and several more advanced SMD-technology, energy (surface montage details – surface mount components) comes to the most advanced technology of soi (chip on board). led technology with ids, is shown schematically in Fig. LEDs made of SMD-and soi technology, mounted (Glued) directly to a common substrate, which can act as a heat sink – in this case it is made of metal. So are led modules, which may be linear, rectangular or circular in shape, be 50 – 75 mm. It is very important to ensure uniformity and control structures on the surface of the substrate.

The cost of facilities for epitaxial growth of semiconductor nitride, developed in Europe (the company Aixtron and Thomas Swan) and the U.S. (Emcore), is about 1,5 – 2 million dollars. Experience of different companies showed that learn to get on the competitive structure of such a setup with the necessary parameters can be a time of one to three years. This is – technology that requires high culture. An important step in technology is the processing of planar films: they are etched, the establishment of contacts to n-and p-layers, the coating metal films for the pins. Film grown on a substrate, can be Cut to a few thousand chips ranging in size from 0,24 x0, 24 and 1×1 mm2. The next step is the creation of these led chips. Necessary to mount the crystal in the case, make contact outputs, produce optical coatings, antireflection surface for the output radiation or reflect it. If it is a white light-emitting diodes, it is necessary to evenly phosphor. We must ensure that heat from the crystal and the corps, to make a plastic dome, focusing radiation in the desired solid angle. About half the cost of LED-od is determined by these stages of high technology.

The need to increase capacity to increase the flux led to the fact that the traditional form Corps LEDs fail to meet the manufacturers due to lack of heat. It was necessary to bring your chip to the heat conducting surface. In this connection, to replace the traditional technologies and few more advanced SMD-tech-energy (surface montage details – surface mount parts) comes the most advanced technology of soi (chip on board). led technology with ids, is shown schematically in Fig. LEDs made of SMD-and soi technology, are mounted (glued) directly to a common substrate, which can act as a heat sink – in this case it is made of metal. So are led modules, which may be linear, rectangular or circular in shape, be rigid or flexible, in short, are designed to satisfy every whim designer. Appear and the led lamps with the same socket as a low-voltage halogen, designed to replace them. And for powerful lamps and spotlights are made the led assembly on a round the massive radiator. Earlier in the led assemblies were a lot of LEDs. Now, as the power led becomes less, but the optical system that directs light beam to the desired solid angle, is playing an increasing role.

The interested nanotechnology Goldstein and dreams to improve the two-dimensional teleconferencing Mowry invented kleytroniku about three years ago. Since then they have struggled to find a quick way to describe the idea to potential sponsors. By the way speaking, the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Pentagon’s research agency darpa to So far scientists have provided some way of funding. Money is allowed to engage in the project and a half dozen specialists and approximately the same number of sympathizers. But the forces and resources while sorely lacking. On Indeed success creators synthetic reality until fairly modest. There are four small robots, called atoms or (claytronic atoms – catoms). The diameter of each – 44 mm, that is, to the nanoscale still very far away.

Robot is surrounded by 24 solenoids. Yet managed to get a couple of these machines interact with each other as do two spinning gears. ‘But as soon as we got these two pieces of stirring, increased the likelihood of our success’ – said Mowry. Ultimately, he hopes to build a sufficient number of two-dimensional cut to start experimenting with changes of form. Then plans to establish immediately a hundred robots the size of a tennis ball that can move in three dimensions. To construct the cut diameter of 1 millimeter, according to the authors of the project, it will be very difficult, but, apparently, it’s inevitable. It is assumed that the cut should have a spherical shape and have no moving parts. He probably will be covered by the electromagnets, so that one robot could join another and in general – to navigate.

Due to this silicones have a wider temperature range of operation. Chemical resistance silicone rubber resistant to solutions salt, boiling water, alcohols, phenols, various mineral oils, weak acids and alkalis, as well as hydrogen peroxide. Physiologically inert silicones physiologically inert, which allows the use of details from him in the medical industry, including within the human body as a prosthesis of various types. Resistance to weathering properties of silicone rubber do not change when exposed to light, oxygen from the air, precipitation, sea water of normal temperature ranges. Silicones are also resistant to ozone. Anti-adhesive properties of silicone rubber has a low adhesion to most other materials. At the same time because of the low adhesive properties of silicone rubber is bad is combined with other materials. application of silicone rubber above properties led to the possibility of using silicone.

Widely distributed rings, cuff and plates, cords, tubes and profiles a variety of silicone rubber, which are replacing traditional rubbers of the most critical areas. The special role played in the silicone rubber aircraft, as it requires exceptional performance both at high and low temperatures. Therefore, the silicones are preferred in the manufacture of gaskets and insulation. In Silicones are used as electrical insulation material, especially effective at high temperatures, as well as in the cases that are associated with exposure to moisture and ozone. This coating cables, insulating pipes, tapes fiber glass, etc. Special conductive silicone rubber used for the manufacture of special cables in the automotive industry, different electrodes in the medical industry as well as for keyboards switches in the electronic amplifiers, using the resistance change of pressure. In the engineering silicone rubber is often used as material for the manufacture of various sealing parts. In addition, produced heat-resistant silicone gaskets for furnaces for various purposes. For transmission pipelines hot or sticky products are designed conveyor belts with a silicone coating. Such tapes are mainly used in bakery and confectionery industries. In the same industry are increasingly used so-called soft baking – fiberglass covered with food-grade silicone.

New field of silicones has been manufacturing coatings for rolls and rollers used to feed and semi-finished products of high temperature, such as hot pieces of sheet glass. Physiological properties of silicone rubber used in medicine and food industry. In medicine, have been used drainage tubes, catheters and probes of silicone rubber. A huge advantage of silicone is the possibility of high-temperature sterilization. From the above given information shows that silicone rubber has the broadest application in virtually all industrial sectors. Grows and the variety of types of silicones – appear, in particular, rubber with high oil resistance, which will in the near future to expand the range of products offered. Promising material may be silicone rubber obtained by means of cold curing, which eliminates the need for heating obtaining rubber. But it’s already a topic for another article.